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Today's topic is 'Properly Executing Strength Training Exercises' and it may very well be a vital piece of information you need to know before you make a decision about any product, service or treatment you may be considering.
Properly Executing Strength Training Exercises
Part 1 in a three-part series discusses our philosophy on choosing the proper weights, and the correct speed of movement in strength training.
Strength training programs now come in all shapes and sizes. You can usually find a training program for athletes at most high schools, and even some middle schools. There are a countless number of fitness centers and smaller training studios that offer personal or small group weight training. Some of you may be participating in them right now.
Most of these programs continue to follow a bodybuilding-style format. 3 sets of 8 repetitions, push yourself to the edge, do what it takes to lift large amounts of weights. No real thought on the effect of rest times, or how fast the bar or dumbbell moves during the lift.
In this series of training articles I will attempt to provide some general knowledge on how each variable within a strength training program can affect your long-term results. Today we will cover proper weight choice, and the speed in which the weight is lifted. Parts 2 and 3 will cover rest times, how to determine the number of sets and repetitions, and why proper technique is so important.
Choosing the right weights
We’ll start here because this is the topic that can save you from serious injury, or on the flip side, dedicating months and years to training without ever making significant improvements. Beginner weightlifters often have no clear strategy for picking the right weights, and will often just use what someone else around them does. No two people are alike, however, and each individual should follow a simple plan that suits their own needs.
A weight that is too heavy can obviously cause some major damage, like crushing you for example, but even if you can move it there are still potential problems. Any weight that causes you to move it with poor technique is too much. If you need a spotter to assist you, that is also a sign the weight is too heavy.
Going lighter will overcome these issues, but then you will not sufficiently challenge your body to adapt, or change, to the stress you put on it. Your body is an incredible machine, and it is perceptive enough to know that if it can already perform a task without any potential danger, it won’t change a thing. You will need to challenge yourself a little in order to make progress.
So where does this leave you? Kind of like the old Three Bears fairytale, you need to find weights that are not too heavy, not too light, but just right.
This means being able to do every repetition you were supposed to using the heaviest weight possible, but with excellent form and no help. In addition, you should have been able to do 1 or 2 more repetitions with that weight, even though you will not actually complete them. That is the perfect weight.
You will notice that I am not recommending squeezing every last ounce of effort into each set, more like 90%. Many of the push to failure techniques, or partner assisted extra reps are not only unnecessary for all but the most elite athletes, they are counterproductive. They burn way too much energy for what you will get out of them.
By holding back those last one or two reps, you will be able train more often, and with greater effort in the long run. And a funny thing will start to happen…you will start making gains like you’ve never experienced before in your life!
To find your perfect weight on each exercise, start conservatively. Pick a weight that you absolutely know you can handle, and complete the set. Be observant, pay attention to how easy it actually was, and make a logical increase on your next set. Continue this until you reach that perfect weight.
Performing exercises at the proper speed
This is an overlooked aspect to training, yet it can make a real difference in your results from any program. There is definitely a right pace to raising and lowering a weight if you are training for sports.
Any time you are using a barbell or dumbbell, the exercise is in its “eccentric” phase when you are lowering it. Eccentric as a strength training term refers to when a muscle is being lengthened under the tension of carrying an extra load (the dumbbells, the bar, or any other form of resistance). The “concentric” phase is when the resistance is moving up, or when you have to apply a force to get the weights to move against gravity
(the third phase of a lift, the “isometric” phase, occurs when the weight is not moving at all, and will not be a focus of this discussion). Your muscles will shorten, or contract, in the concentric part of the lift.
The eccentric and concentric phases should be thought of separately, because they develop two different athletic skills. The eccentric phase improves your ability to absorb force. The concentric phase improves your ability to produce force.
One simple example of absorbing force occurs every time your foot hits the ground on a running stride. The muscles in your legs need to lengthen slightly to absorb the forces of gravity before pushing off. An inability to absorb force can lead to slower movements and reaction times, while also increasing your chance for injury.
Producing force is the more obvious part of sport movements. Kicking a soccer ball, throwing a baseball, or taking a slap shot in hockey are just a few examples of force production. The more force you can produce, the faster and more powerful your sports skills will be.
Strength training is a great way to develop force absorption and force production at the same time, but the speed in which the weights move is critical. The eccentric phase needs to be a slow and controlled movement in order to build your capacity to absorb greater stresses. The concentric phase, however, should be done in a much faster and powerful fashion. Within a single repetition, you have two different goals, and because of this the two phases need to be done at different speeds.
In general, the eccentric phase should take anywhere from 2 to 4 seconds to complete on every repetition. The greater your need to improve your force absorption ability, the closer this should be to the 4 second time. For the concentric phase, you should always look to complete it as fast as possible. Most of the time this will be under 1 second, but on the last repetition of a heavy set this may take a little longer. That’s OK, as long as you are trying to move the weight in a fast and powerful fashion.
Jim Herrick, Jr is the Strength & Conditioning Coach at Cushing Academy, located in Ashburnham, MA. Jim has trained hundreds of athletes in all aspects of sports performance since 1998. For more information on our training programs, visit www.powersourcetraining.com
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